-
International Journal of Cosmetic... Jun 2013As one moves from the skin across the vermilion region of the lip and into the oral cavity, the oral mucosa is encountered. The oral mucosa consists of connective tissue... (Review)
Review
As one moves from the skin across the vermilion region of the lip and into the oral cavity, the oral mucosa is encountered. The oral mucosa consists of connective tissue known as the lamina propria covered by a stratified squamous epithelium. In the regions of the hard palate and gingiva, the epithelium is keratinized like the epidermis. In the buccal region, the floor of the mouth and the underside of the tongue, the epithelium is non-keratinized. The epithelium on the dorsum of the tongue is a specialized epithelium, but can be approximated as a mosaic of keratinized and non-keratinized epithelia. The non-keratinized epithelial regions do not produce a stratum corneum. Nuclei with intact DNA are retained in the superficial cells. In all regions, the outer portions of the epithelium provide a protective permeability barrier, which varies regionally. Antimicrobial lipids at the surfaces of the oral mucosa are an integral part of innate immunity.
Topics: Epithelium; Humans; Lipids; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 23320785
DOI: 10.1111/ics.12038 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2023Dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring's disease, DH) is a chronic blistering cutaneous condition with pruritic polymorphic lesions, consisting of vesicles, papules or...
Dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring's disease, DH) is a chronic blistering cutaneous condition with pruritic polymorphic lesions, consisting of vesicles, papules or nodules and erythema, found predominantly on the extensor surfaces of the limbs, buttocks, and neck. Diagnosis is based on characteristic clinical and immunopathological findings. Oral manifestations of DH have rarely been described. The aim of the study was to evaluate IgA, IgG, IgM and C3 complement deposits in the oral mucosa in DH patients. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) was performed on the oral mucosa specimens collected from 10 DH patients. Biopsy was taken in a local anesthesia from perilesional site from the buccal mucosa and then preserved in a standard procedure using polyclonal rabbit IgG, IgA, IgM and C3 antibodies. Granular IgA and C3 deposits were found in 6 patients (60%), and in 3 subjects (30%) the result was indeterminate. Significant fluorescence of the deposits along the basement membrane was observed in 2 patients, moderate fluorescence in 3 patients, and in 4 cases the result was indeterminate. C3 deposits were found in 5 subjects (50%), 3 of them being moderate and 2 indeterminate. No IgM and IgG deposits were detected in the collected buccal mucosa specimens.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis Herpetiformis; Mouth Mucosa; Immunoglobulin A; Erythema; Immunoglobulin G
PubMed: 36767890
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032524 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2019DNA analysis has a key role in forensic dentistry. However, techniques of DNA extraction and analysis are far from the reach of majority of medical professionals owing...
BACKGROUND
DNA analysis has a key role in forensic dentistry. However, techniques of DNA extraction and analysis are far from the reach of majority of medical professionals owing to its expensive set up.
AIM
The present study was aimed at formulating a crude method of extracting DNA from human buccal mucosa cells using materials commonly available in the laboratory so that the medical professionals could get more exposure to molecular biology techniques. The objectives were to identify the DNA and to assess its purity.
METHODS
Buccal mucosa cells from 10 healthy volunteers were taken for DNA extraction following the protocol of cell lysis, purification, and precipitation. DNA was identified using standardized techniques like Diphenylamine test and its purity was assessed using a spectrophotometer. A gel electrophoresis apparatus was also constructed using readily available materials.
RESULTS
DNA was extracted from human buccal mucosa cells using a crude method. The standardized tests confirmed the presence of DNA contaminated with proteins. The locally made Gel electrophoresis model exhibited a faint halo around the wells instead of DNA bands.
CONCLUSION
DNA extraction from human buccal mucosa cells was made possible using locally available materials and a crude method, but it was not of high purity.
Topics: DNA; Humans; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 31745059
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_67_16 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Jan 2021Recreational use of the betel nut, which is common among the South Asian population, is a known risk factor for developing Head and Neck cancer. As South Asians comprise...
BACKGROUND
Recreational use of the betel nut, which is common among the South Asian population, is a known risk factor for developing Head and Neck cancer. As South Asians comprise a significant proportion of the United States population, we seek to determine if those living within the country experience a higher rate of head and neck cancers compared to other races.
METHODS
Data of patients diagnosed with head & neck cancers from 2010-2016 was collected from the National Cancer Database® and compared to race-matched US census data for each corresponding year to calculate incidence. Pairwise comparisons were performed between the incidence for South Asians versus Whites and South Asians versus Blacks using one sided Chi-square tests.
RESULTS
South Asians experienced a significantly higher incidence of buccal mucosa/vestibule cancers when compared to Whites or Blacks for every year between 2010-2016, but a comparatively lower incidence of larynx or oropharynx cancers.
CONCLUSIONS
South Asians residing within the United States have a higher incidence of buccal mucosa/vestibule cancers, but a lower incidence of more common cancers, such as larynx or oropharynx cancer. This may suggest that the etiology behind the high buccal mucosa/vestibule cancer incidence is due to a social habit, as opposed to an inherent racial susceptibility.
Topics: Black or African American; Asian People; Cross-Sectional Studies; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Longitudinal Studies; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Prognosis; Risk Factors; United States; White People
PubMed: 33507699
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2021.22.1.195 -
The Angle Orthodontist Sep 2018To evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Haas appliances through micronuclei test and cytogenetic damage analysis in buccal mucosa epithelial cells of patients...
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of Haas appliances through micronuclei test and cytogenetic damage analysis in buccal mucosa epithelial cells of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-eight patients, 6-12 years of age and of both genders, who required a Haas appliance for the correction of a posterior crossbite were included. Epithelial cells from the mucosa were collected by gently scraping the inside of both the right and left cheeks. The cells were collected before the insertion of the appliance (T0), 1 month after the device was installed (T1), and again 3 months after the appliance was immobilized (T2). The cells were processed to obtain slides. Feulgen/Fast Green was used as the staining method, and the number of normal, karyolytic, pyknotic, nuclear buds, bi/trinucleated, and micronucleus cells were counted under light microscopy. Cellular abnormalities were evaluated with parametric and nonparametric tests for comparison of the means by analysis of variance testing, Tukey posttest, or the Kruskal-Wallis test and then by Dunn's posttest. The significance level was 5%.
RESULTS
There were no statistically significant changes in the micronuclei in the evaluated periods ( P > .05). Nuclear buds increased at T1 ( P < .05), returning to baseline levels at T2. Other abnormalities (cariolytic, pyknotic, and bi/trinucleated cells) showed a significant increase at T1 and T2 ( P < .0001).
CONCLUSIONS
The Haas appliance did not cause an increase in micronuclei in cells of the buccal mucosa. However, statistically significant increases in cariolytic, pyknotic, and bi/trinucleated cells were observed during treatment, suggesting possible DNA damage.
Topics: Child; DNA Damage; Female; Humans; Male; Malocclusion; Micronucleus Tests; Mouth Mucosa; Orthodontic Appliances, Fixed; Palatal Expansion Technique
PubMed: 29761706
DOI: 10.2319/101117-687.1 -
BMC Oral Health Oct 2023To explore and summarize the clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment of the oral maxillofacial schwandoma. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To explore and summarize the clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment of the oral maxillofacial schwandoma.
CASE PRESENTATION
This is a report of a case of a 46-year-old female patients with neurolemmoma in the maxillary gingiva. The clinical features, pathological features, differential diagnosis and treatment were analyzed. Literature review was conducted in search of domestic and overseas journal full-text database from 1986 ~ 2017. 39 reports on the oral and maxillofacial Neurolemmoma from 1986 to 2017 in the database of China hospital knowledge database and the PubMed database, there were 405 patients. There were 23 cases of gingival mucosa, 17 in foreign literature and only 6 in the domestic literature.
CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of gingival Neurolemmoma is extremely low, the predilection age is similar to other parts, it is middle-aged and young, and there is no obvious gender tendency. About 25-45% of schwannomas are found in the head and neck, and rarely in the mouth (only 1%). The most common internal location of the mouth is the tongue, followed by the floor of the mouth, buccal mucosa, palate, gums, and lips. Schwannomas are slow-growing benign tumors that are rare in the gums. Gingival schwannoma is usually a single occurrence, and the clinical manifestations are mostly painless gum mass, tooth loosening and displacement, without peripheral bone changes and regional lymph node metastasis. It is difficult to diagnose this tumor according to clinical manifestations, and pathological diagnosis is still the basis for the diagnosis of gingival schwannoma. So far, surgical resection is the preferred treatment for this disease, and the prognosis is good.
Topics: Middle Aged; Female; Humans; Neurilemmoma; Gingiva; Mouth Mucosa; Diagnosis, Differential; Lip
PubMed: 37858072
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03509-7 -
European Journal of Histochemistry : EJH Feb 2020Angiogenesis is an important issue related to normal growth and differentiation, and it is a critical issue in the progression of human disease in oral mucosa. Tooth...
Angiogenesis is an important issue related to normal growth and differentiation, and it is a critical issue in the progression of human disease in oral mucosa. Tooth marks occur after clenching the teeth for a long period under muscle tension in the human oral cavity. However, the sites of angiogenesis, cell differentiation and microvessel density are not known for human mucosa with tooth marks. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the markers of differentiation (Ki-67), angiogenesis (CD31, D2-40, VEGF-A), and marks from teeth in the second molar region using immunohistochemical methods. In addition, we compared these areas with the mucous membrane. Our results revealed blood and lymphoid vessels in irregular mucosa structures, and the vessels in the oral mucosa were observed in three types of samples: dentulous, denture attachment (containing partial teeth), and edentulous samples. The localization of the angiogenesis was related to the structure of the oral mucosa of connective tissue in humans, such as the mucosal fold-like of the buccal region. Using principal component analysis (PCA), we found that tooth occlusal condition, gender, anti-VEGF-A reaction levels in oral mucosa of the epithelium were positive factors in all groups, which is in contrast to the negative association of Ki-67 reaction in the epithelium and CD31 expression. In addition, Ki-67 reaction in oral mucosa had negative impacts, in contrast to the positive association of D2-40. These PCA properties provide useful information for future study of tumour progression or mechanical stress in remodelling of oral mucosa and angiogenesis. Moreover, mechanical stress of the occlusal condition may be correlated with tumour angiogenic activity and cell differentiation in human oral mucosa.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Ki-67 Antigen; Lip; Lymphatic Vessels; Male; Microvessels; Mouth Mucosa; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; Principal Component Analysis; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 32214280
DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2020.3095 -
British Dental Journal Feb 2024Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a distinct type of oral leukoplakia which has the potential to enlarge or develop into new areas of leukoplakia coupled with... (Review)
Review
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a distinct type of oral leukoplakia which has the potential to enlarge or develop into new areas of leukoplakia coupled with areas of a warty surface texture. PVL is usually diagnosed from the fifth decade onwards and is more common in female patients. The most frequent sites involved tend to be gingivae, followed by buccal mucosa and lateral border of tongue. It is one of the oral potentially malignant conditions with a high risk of malignant transformation. It is important for general dental practitioners (GDPs) to identify such lesions to facilitate referral for further investigation and diagnosis. Management is challenging with long-term monitoring and surgical excision when appropriate; however, PVL tends to recur following surgical excision. This article provides an up-to-date review tailored for GDPs on the present knowledge of PVL and illustrates the management challenges with clinical cases.
Topics: Humans; Female; Dentists; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Professional Role; Leukoplakia, Oral; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 38388601
DOI: 10.1038/s41415-024-7066-8 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2018Type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has considerable prevalence in India. A noninvasive diagnostic tool will be more appropriate in conditions like DM. In this study, we...
OBJECTIVES
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has considerable prevalence in India. A noninvasive diagnostic tool will be more appropriate in conditions like DM. In this study, we intend to find a difference in cytomophometric values, and glycogen accumulation (if any) in buccal mucosa exfoliated cells of type-2 DM patients when compared to nondiabetic healthy individuals, and establish its diagnostic role.
METHODOLOGY
In the present study, 36 known DM patients with at least 1-year history (case group) and 36 healthy, age- (5 year interval) -matched patients (control group) were included in the study. Patients with any other systemic disease were excluded from the study. Buccal mucosa exfoliative cytology smears were prepared from all 72 patients and stained with Papanicolaou (PAP) stain. The cytomorphometric analysis was performed to evaluate nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CA), and cytoplasm to nuclear area ratio (CNR) of cells in the smear. The data were tabulated and statistically analyzed using Chi-square test, Student's t-test, Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient and significance (two tailed) test.
RESULTS
Statistically significant difference was found in NA and CNR in exfoliative cytology of DM patient group when compared to control group. Fasting blood sugar of DM patients was significantly correlated with NA and CNR of buccal mucosa exfoliated cells.
CONCLUSION
The cytomorphometric changes in exfoliated buccal mucosa cells of type-2 DM patients can have a diagnostic value which needs to be explored further.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Case-Control Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fasting; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 29516927
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_1211_16 -
Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine Oct 2019The aim was to investigate if there were any differences in the degree of mosaicism between the left- and right-hand sides of the buccal mucosa in women with Turner...
BACKGROUND
The aim was to investigate if there were any differences in the degree of mosaicism between the left- and right-hand sides of the buccal mucosa in women with Turner syndrome.
METHODS
Buccal smears were taken on the left- and right-hand sides at the same time for genetic analyses with fluorescence in situ hybridization in women with Turner syndrome, n = 20; 10 with and 10 without mosaicism based on the blood karyotype, and one control. A difference in the degree of mosaicism ≥5% between the sides was considered as an actual difference and <5% as equivalent.
RESULTS
Of 20, 10 (50%) had ≥ 5% difference in the degree of mosaicism between the left- and right-hand sides of the buccal mucosa. The mean difference was 9.1% and the median was 4.5%, range 1%-38%. The control with ordinary female karyotype had no side difference.
CONCLUSION
There was an intraorganic mosaicism of the buccal mucosa with a side difference in the degree of mosaicism of up to 38% in women with Turner syndrome. When mosaicism is strongly suspected, but not confirmed by the blood karyotype, it is recommended that buccal smears from both sides of the oral cavity should be analyzed.
Topics: Female; Genotype; Humans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Karyotype; Mosaicism; Mouth Mucosa; Turner Syndrome
PubMed: 31466136
DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.938